With global warming offered fight with diamond dust


Climate scientists from Harvard University have found a new way to deal with global warming. They offer spraying in the sky diamond nano-sized particles. This, in their opinion, is much safer sulphate mixture with water - a method that actively discussed recently. And the cost, "Diamond" method of just five dollars to each inhabitant of the Earth.

As the portal Nature, to combat global warming is now widely discussed new ways of geo-engineering - for example, spraying a mixture of sulfates in the sky with water, so that she reflected and scatter sunlight. However, according to scientists from Harvard, they have found a safer method of man-made climate cooling, rather than spraying sulphate aerosols. This dust particles of diamond or nanoscale alumina.

After contact with sulfates into the atmosphere, it forms sulfuric acid, which damages the ozone layer. Furthermore, sulfates absorb light at certain frequencies because of which the lower part of the stratosphere is heated - is, in turn, in an unpredictable way affect the climate. Finally, sulfates, scatter light: it will accelerate the growth of plants, but will reduce the efficiency of the solar cells. Alumina and diamonds will not lead to such problems, but the diamond dust, according to scientists, to be 50% more efficient than alumina. However, this method is rather expensive, despite the fact that the diamond powder is much cheaper solid diamonds (about $ 100 per kilogram). According to specialists, we need to spray every year hundreds of thousands of tonnes of diamond dust that will cost several billion dollars.

"With all the expensive diamonds this method of control solar radiation is not unrealistic," - says climatologist Debra Vayzenshtayn. Climate scientists are confident that 2065 spray 450 thousand. Tonnes will cost each of the ten billion people on Earth just five dollars.

Science "climate engineering" (or "geo-engineering") studies the development and implementation of technology-conscious and a reasonable influence on the Earth's climate on a global scale. Algorithms and technology that uses geo-engineering scientists conventionally divided into two main groups. In the first group are methods for reducing the CO2 content in the atmosphere. For example, climatologists offer to dissolve in the waters of the seas and oceans of iron sulfates governing the share of CO2 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Or use a kind of "vacuum cleaner" that can filter out the carbon monoxide from the air.

In the second group of geoengineering techniques are ways to control and regulate the Earth's sun exposure. Along with the installation space of huge parabolic mirrors here are methods to improve the reflectivity of the Earth's surface and the clouds or the atmosphere in general. One option may be an aerosol comprising sulfur particles. Sprayed into the atmosphere, it creates a kind of protective dome portion reflecting sunlight back into space.

Scientists laugh online brief retelling of his theses

Social network Reddit offered scientists to describe the essence of their theses understandable language. Light of science gladly shared their "discoveries." Some of them claim to be the Ig Nobel prize, and there are just these "pearls" of thought.

"Mushrooms, mushrooms everywhere! Especially in plants, where they do strange things. Do we understand what's going on? Nah. "

"Microwaves are really good to something warm up."

"Music expresses emotion or causes them? Read the following 200 pages, so as not to know the answer. "

"The sand can be washed off, so do not make it all sorts of important things."

"This protein can cause an asthma attack. Hmm, well, or not. "

"Adults learn best when they are happy."

"God knows why people have autism."

"Aluminium can be used to create a very steep microstructures. However, the microstructure cool enough, that we have allocated money for the completion of studies. "

"We need to make new magnets magnets old, because we end magnets."

"If you put a certain type of plastic in the water, it swells. If you put it under the skin, it absorbs fluid and tissue swell. That, ladies - new skin! "

"If you break the rat spine, it usually dies."

"The refrigerated laboratory mice twice accelerates metabolism. This is very bad for the research, which uses a mouse. "

"Museums properly digitize their collections. Can we fix it with the help of computers? It seems so. "

"The water will freeze if you hit it well."

"You can make antimatter move in an unknown direction, if it is bad set up the equipment."

"Even when times are really bad, most people want to live."

"You'll never guess why the English-speaking translators so cool screwed up with this piece of German author!"

"Gamma rays can not turn you into the Hulk. But E. coli E. coli - can be. "

"Brain cells communicate with each other. And sometimes - with ourselves. "

"If the brain is connected to the battery monkey, the monkey will notice it."

"Smart people make bad project teams. Use a combination of smart people and ordinary people to achieve better results. "

"To check whether you have the whole rail or tube, not necessarily to touch them."

"Sometimes the planet Uranus looks boring, but sometimes, in fact, it is interesting. Perhaps she has some crazy season. "

10 incredible things that can be done with sound

Sound waves can do incredible things with the practical application of science, art and medicine. In this collection you will find a list of ten such things.

1. Destroy the sound

The company "Orfild Labs" in Minneapolis built the quietest room in the world, it is used to test low noise (hum light bulbs, for example). The walls are completely sound-proof, but the sound level is 9 dB - it is so quiet that you can hear the sounds of their own work of internal organs. This sensory deprivation exacerbates all the senses, causing strange sensations in the body and brain. After spending a long time in this room, you run the risk of schizophrenia or acquire such strange powers, like the ability to feel the color to taste. A man can stand it no more than 45 minutes, then begin hallucinating.

2. To hide the sound of
Have you noticed that when walking through the woods at different times, such as day and night, you hear the sound a little different? If a day like all the noise merge, in the middle of the night every rustle sounded like a shot.
This phenomenon occurs when sound waves change their direction (refracted) due to temperature fluctuations during the diurnal cycle. During the day they go up, where the air temperature is lower and mainly distributed over your head, creating a zone of "acoustic shadow".
The effect is widely used by sailors in the ocean: to escape from the sound vibrations they are hiding in the area of ​​acoustic shadow from enemy sonar.

3. Arm sound
Users are able to turn almost everything into a weapon, even a sound. «The Long Range Acoustic Device» - a device that is used for these purposes. It looks like a darkened floodlight that shoots "beam" the sound volume of about 150 decibels at a distance of tens of meters. Sonic weapons can be used to suppress riots and unrest: the device can cause severe pain and damage health. Sound guns already used in European courts to deter Somali pirates.

4. Sound as Art
Sound waves can be made visible, it is called "Cymatics". For example, if you saw the impact of sound on the tank with sand, sand and stir to create a variety of shapes.
The first who discovered this, Galileo began in 1632, the year. He noticed that if you hold on a plate with fine particles of material cutter, they take the form of parallel lines of grinding.

5. Sound killer
Theoretically, a person can kill the sound pressure, but it looks like it is not, as you imagine. What usually follows a strong explosion overpressure is called - is a huge increase in atmospheric pressure. Some explosions can cause extremely loud noise, which, however, can not be heard, because the eardrums burst at around 160 decibels. But 200 decibels is enough to break the lungs and cause internal damage.
During World War I caused the death of so many questions: because of the lack of the human body visible damage, no one could understand, from which he died. So when you see the scene in the film how the hero, cast off the explosion, easily rises and goes about his business - this is nonsense. In real life, he would have been dead and deaf.

6. Sound helps fight crime
Businessmen and representatives of authorities in some cities in the United States decided to include classical music in the subway in areas with high crime rates. It turns out that the classics can disperse the aggressive teenagers and hooligans from public places - it seems it sounds unpleasant, causing discomfort and forced to leave in search of quiet.
For example, in London in 2003, the year and a half years in the underground included classical music. During this time, vandalism and robberies have decreased by a third.

7. Turn the sound laser
The laser produces a very narrow beam of light capable of moving even in a vacuum as opposed to sound waves requiring mediation environment. The Japanese in 2010 was created audio device capable of emitting a beam of sound - phaser. Its frequency was 170 KHz, and is eight times greater than the human perception threshold. The phaser is used for medical purposes.

8. Sound treats
Device «HIFU Transducer» focuses acoustic energy and emits a tremendous amount of heat, this phenomenon can be compared with a magnifying glass, transmissive sunlight. Professor of surgery at the University of Washington, said: "With this device, you can do all the same thing as using ultrasound." For example, the device is able to "seal" pork punctured lung in two minutes. This is a huge step in the non-invasive surgery.

9. Return to the sound past
One of the most interesting areas of science is arheoakustika - the use of sound in archeology. For example, each room of your house has its own sound, depending on the availability of accessories, furniture and other items. Scientists from the University of Salfold UK decided to learn how to sound Stonehenge. Writing the reflected sound waves from Stonehenge, and then built a computer model, the researchers found that the megaliths create a reflective space, similar to the lecture hall.

10. Sound like a compass
It is known that bats and birds orient themselves in space by means of sound waves, but until recently, scientists could not figure out exactly how the birds are at a great distance the way home. In 1997, geophysicist Jonathan Hastram found that about 60 thousand pigeons are lost during the migration to England from France - the way they crossed the bass sound from the aircraft. Inaudible to the human ear, it greatly disrupted the internal compass of birds. Hagstrom saw that the birds create a unique "sound cards" for navigation, but the objects erected by man, or change their landscape can greatly confuse birds.

How to increase the volume of the headphones?

Probably many of you have encountered this problem when connecting your headphones to your MP3 player or phone, the volume was not enough, in other words, the power of the player or the phone is not enough to ensure loud, clear sound. And how to be in this case?
To do this, you can collect a headphone amplifier with your hands. His scheme is rather simple and any wireless enthusiast, whether a beginner or experienced, will be able to make it, showing care and attention.
In creating this amp I wanted to make it unusual, I wanted to get away from the classic plastic housing. Remembering that fans modding computers often make transparent housing for their PC, I decided to make a clear case of your amplifier. And as a highlight - to abandon the printed circuit board and do everything hinged mounting.
Development of the scheme was carried out in the program of Eagle. This is a classic twin opamp amplifier OPA2107.
Below is a diagram of a headphone amplifier with your hands.
List of parts needed for the power supply of the amplifier:
- power connector;
- LED 5 mm (any color);
- R1LED - resistor of 1K to 10K (1 W);
- CP1, CP2 - electrolytes 470 uF (voltage 35 or 50 V);
- RP1, RP2 - 4,7K (1 W).
Parts List for the amplifier:
- IC1 - dual operational amplifier OPA2107 (note - on the concept of an operational amplifier is designated as OPA2132, the fact is that in the beginning I planned to use it);
- C1L, C1R - 0.68 uF 63 V (for audio input);
- C2, C3 - 0.1 uF (film, to stabilize the operational amplifier);
- R2L, R2R - 100K (0.5 W);
- R3L, R3R - 1K (0.5 W);
- R4L, R4R - 10K (0.5 W);
- R5L, R5R - Jumper (optional);
- Stereo jack - 2 pcs.
So I decided to do everything hinged installation - started manufacturing the frame. Here you will need care and attention, as body will be transparent, and any shortcomings will be immediately visible.
For power bus I used solid copper wire, 1 mm thick, taken from the scraps of the cable used to house wiring.
As the power supply is perfect any transformer power supply with a voltage of 12 V and an output current of 300 mA. It is advisable to use a transformer power supply, since the use of pulse can lead to interference (you will hear a constant hum in the headphones).
To power connector, I used here is a connector (center pin - that's a plus power supply).
Just below you can see the power supply wiring. At the entrance of the power supply at 12 V, which are then using voltage divider (resistors RP1 and RP2, at 4.7 ohm) are converted to 6 volts and -6 volts. The fact that the operational amplifier must be power bipolar. The wire in the center - the so-called "virtual ground", which in any case should not be connected to this ground (in the power connector).
Two large capacitor 470 microfarads 50 volts paired with 0.1 uF capacitors are needed in order to minimize interference on the OS and increase the stability of its operation. To do this, try to place them as close as possible to the conclusions of the Shelter.
Once you have finished soldering, you can proceed to check the amplifier. A word of advice, do not need to test the use of your coolest headphones, some quite simple. The fact is that if you mess up somewhere and soldered parts are not under the scheme, it is possible option, in which you spoil your headphones. But I hope that when checking everything will be fine.
Since the amplifier will continue to be filled with epoxy resin, then I decided to raise it a little, so that when he was pouring the exact center of the body. To do this, I soldered a small findings below.
I thought it would be nice a little bit more to refine the design of the amplifier and therefore decided to print labels on audio connectors. I prepared them in Adobe Photoshop, and then printed on thin photo paper and glued to the connectors on the double sided tape.
For some time I was thinking on the design of the body and the material from which to make a form to fill. I opted for the 1.5 mm plastic, it is perfectly normal office cut with a knife, leaving a very smooth edge.
Then I developed a form to fill, using all the same Eagle. Cut out all the parts, I started to build. To facilitate this process, I first picked all angles using superglue, then two times each glued seam, ensuring full tightness.
The easiest way to check the amount of the epoxy resin to fill - a form fill with water and then pour the contents into the cup and found the resulting weight and volume. Of course, it is possible to measure the volume with a ruler - but the way the water seemed easier.
For the filling, I used a transparent epoxy resin. Specifically for this resin hardener and resin ratio should be 1: 50. It is difficult to measure such a small amount of hardener, for this useful jewelry scales. And generally the same for different brands of epoxy resin and hardener ratio is different, see the instructions.
When hardening epoxy excessive heat occurs (in my case, the temperature was 62 degrees). The mold is then covered in order to prevent dust and debris to the surface.
I left to harden epoxy resin for a day. After this time, it was dry, and I proceeded to the removal of the form. For this I used a belt sander.
Then use the router I Stoch chamfer and all sharp corners.
For polishing body I first used sandpaper with 600 grit, and spent the final polishing "the wet" 1200 th fine sandpaper.

               a bit of cosmic distances


Degrees, minutes, seconds ... We always hear about it when it comes to celestial events and distances in the sky. 5, 10 degrees or 25 minutes - a lot or a little? Let's try to figure out what it is and how easy it is to understand what exactly is at stake.
The basis of this construction - the entire celestial sphere, the circle of which - 360 degrees. To measure smaller distances at our disposal, there is always a wonderful device - our own hands! The maximum pull out and lift a little finger. The width of the tip of the little finger at arm's length - approximately 1 degree. This is two times larger than the apparent diameter of the sun or moon. If you need to find an object located in degrees from the landmark (eg Jupiter), just pull out and position the raised little finger next to Jupiter. How to measure other distances shown in the illustration.
The great thing about this method - that it will work regardless of your age and gender because the arm length is proportional to the size of your body!

How to develop your mind Steve Jobs
(«Other»)

One of the qualities that Jobs was famous for - the ability to see what others do not see. About how it is managed and what technique for the development of his brain he used, we describe below.

Recently, a new book about Steve Jobs Becoming Steve Jobs. The author tells about the events in the life of Steve Jobs, with many of them you can hear the first time.

Perhaps more than others remembered the fact that the current Apple CEO Tim Cook Jobs offered part of his liver. On offer Cook Jobs responded angrily refused, saying that he would never do that. Though after a while, he still agreed to the transplant, many people believe that his refusal is due to the fact that the religion which he preached (Buddhism), prohibits such interference in your body.

The real cause of failure of Jobs we hardly know. However, he stuck to oriental, influenced the way he coached the brain.

Jobs often takes a conscious meditation in order to reduce the amount of stress and clear thinking.

Biographer Walter Isaacson brought a quote in the book of Jobs:

If you'll just sit and watch, you will see how infinitely your thinking. Try to calm him down - it will only get worse. But over time, thinking calms itself, and you learn to control it.

At this point awakens intuition, and you see everything around is much clearer than seen before.

Jobs describes a kind of meditation, which is practiced by Zen Buddhists and Taoists. He studied it for many years. Moreover, he popularized the practice that companies like Target, Google and Ford, began to teach their employees to meditate on a regular basis.

Although it seems that the idea of ​​corporate meditation sounds pretty strange, this is still something there.

Geoffrey James, journalist and editor of Inc. com, was able to communicate with Jobs on the subject of meditation long before his death. Here's how, according to him, looked technique that practiced Steve Jobs.

Sit in a quiet place. You may want to put a pillow under her to make you more comfortable. Take a few deep breaths.
Close your eyes and listen to your inner monologue. Your brain will sort through disjointed events that occurred recently: the transmission on TV, read books, talk with friends. Do not try to prevent it.
Instead, calmly go from thought to thought. Make it a ritual and performed five minutes each day.
Over time (a week or two), you learn to control your inner monologue, and then we can move on to more advanced practices.

Now, when you hear the stray thoughts in your head, try to make them quieter and gradually move away from them.
Freeing the brain, focuses his attention on those around you the sounds, the smells, the sensations in the body. You may begin to feel the wind differently on the skin or the sound of the refrigerator. It's a sign that you are doing everything correctly.
Another sign that you are doing everything right: time flies meditation.
About this meditation technique I wrote here, and she was really helpful.

Frankly, with the time I stopped to meditate for one reason. The first few weeks you do not see the result, then it finally comes, and you learn to control the thoughts in meditation, focus on different rustle and smell. But after a while progress slows down again, thus killing the motivation to do it on.

I did wrong, no longer meditate, and recently was looking for a new impetus to start doing it. And knowing that Jobs also practiced a similar technique - a great motivation to start.

5 problems, for the solution of which will give a million dollars 
(«Other»)

Mathematics, as we know, "the queen of sciences." Those who are engaged in it seriously, - special people - they live in the world of formulas and numbers. The knowledge of the world of mathematics, there are practical implications: for addressing a number of problems the Clay institute is ready to give a million dollars.

1. The Riemann Hypothesis
We all remember since high school series of numbers that can be divided only by itself and one. They are called simple (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 ...). The largest known prime numbers today was found in August 2008 and consists of 12,978,189 digits. For mathematicians, these numbers are very important, but how they are distributed by a numerical number is still not completely clear. In 1859, the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann proposed a method of searching and testing, finding a method by which you can determine the maximum number of primes not exceeding a certain predetermined number. Mathematics was checked this method already one and a half trillion primes, but no one can prove that further verification is successful. It is not just "mind games." The Riemann Hypothesis is widely used in calculating systems, data security, so its proof is of great practical significance.

2. Navier-Stokes equations
Navier-Stokes equations are the basis for the calculations in geophysical fluid dynamics, including the description of the motion of currents in the Earth's mantle. Use these equations and aerodynamics. Their essence is that any movement is accompanied by changes in the environment, twists and flows. For example, if the boat is sailing on the lake, the movement diverge from its waves of aircraft generated turbulence. These processes, if to simplify and describe even started in the first third of the XIX century, Navier-Stokes equations. The equations are, but to solve them still can not. Moreover, it is unknown whether there are their solutions. Mathematicians, physicists and engineers have successfully used these equations, substituting them are already known values ​​of velocity, pressure, density, time and so on. If someone will use these equations in the opposite direction, that is, calculating the parameters of the equation, or to prove that the method is no solution, then that "someone" will become a dollar millionaire.

3. Hodge conjecture
In 1941, the Cambridge professor William Hodge suggested that any geometric body can be studied as an algebraic equation and make it a mathematical model. If you come from the other side to the description of this hypothesis, we can say that it is more convenient to investigate any object if it can be decomposed into its component parts, and these parts are already exploring. But here we are faced with the problem of examining the stone taken separately, we can not actually say anything about the castle, which is built of such stones, how many rooms in it and how they form. Furthermore, in the preparation of the initial components of the object (which we disassembled) can detect unwanted parts, or vice versa - be short. Achieving Khoja that he described the conditions under which will not occur "extra" parts, and will not need to get lost. And all this with the help of algebraic calculations. Neither prove his hypothesis or refute mathematics can not be 70 years. If this happens you - you will become a millionaire.

4. Hypothesis Birch and Svinerton-Dyer
The equations of the form xn + yn + zn + ... = tn were known to mathematicians of antiquity. The decision of the simplest of them (the "Egyptian triangle" - 32 + 42 = 52) has been known in Babylon. Its fully explored in the III century BC mathematician Diophantus of Alexandria, in the fields of "Arithmetic" which Pierre Fermat formulated his famous theorem. In the pre-computer era of the largest solution of this equation it was proposed in 1769 by Leonhard Euler (2 682 4404 + 15 365 6394 + 18 796 7604 = 20 615 6734). Common, universal method of calculation for such equations there, but we know that each of them can be either finite or infinite number of solutions. In 1960, mathematicians Birch and Svinerton-Dyer, experimenting on the computer with some famous curves, we managed to create a method which reduces each such equation to a simpler, called the zeta function. They assumed that if this function at 1 is equal to 0, then the number of solutions of the desired equation is infinite. Mathematicians have assumed that the property will be maintained for all curves, but neither prove nor disprove this assumption is no smog. To get the coveted one million, need to find an example in which the assumption mathematicians work.

5. The problem of the Cook-Levin
The problem-solving test Cook-Levin is to check that any decision takes less time than to solve the problem itself. If you clearly: we know that somewhere in the bottom of the ocean is a treasure, but do not know where. His search can take place so indefinitely. If we know that the treasure is in a certain square, certain specified coordinates, the treasure hunt much easier. Always like this. Likely. So far, none of the mathematicians and mortals could not find a task that would take less time than a validation of its decision. If suddenly you will find a - immediately write to the Clay Institute. If the Commission approves the mathematicians - a million dollars in your pocket. The problem of the Cook-Levin was formulated back in 1971, but until now no one has been solved. Its solution can be a real revolution in cryptography and encryption systems, since there will be "perfect codes", which will be hacking virtually impossible.

The remarkable story of a remarkable man (Re.)
(«Other»)

Astronaut, the first time in the history of mankind have chosen to open space, unable to climb back. He freely floated at the end of the 5-meter rope over the planet, but when it's time to go back - it turned out that the suit did not swollen and crawls to the gateway.

To get there, he had to relieve the pressure in the suit to 0.27 earth - it happens somewhere in the three kilometers of Everest.

Wonder, but he lost consciousness at the same time. But now he did not let a second gateway. He managed to get into, but grossly violated the instructions - forward head, not feet. He collapsed alongside fellow. As soon as his breath, came the news - automatic return to Earth is broken. Again, the first time in the history of mankind, the ship had to return to the planet by hand. And then came the thing: the new Voskhod - 2 only window faced the side window. In it it was seen only stars. Run the engine is not - instead of returning fly away further and stay there forever.

Astronauts desperately crawling around the cabin, peering from different angles in the ill-fated window pretending to memory, where the Big Dipper, and where the Earth, and finally start his engine. Already, navernoe, funny sounds, but again for the first time in human history, they took their places at the working engine rocket acceleration which tries to turn into a cake. For them, it remained a mystery where she will carry them.

Descent little they remember. We woke up, got out. Snowdrifts around the waist. Cold - minus 30. The ship had plenty of bailout funds - fishing hooks, shark repellent, one TT pistol, and so on. But the cold did not think. The astronauts took off their spacesuits, they poured out liters of sweat every five bare lit a fire, carefully wrapped and waited, occasionally nastukivaya Morse code - SOS. The text did not diversify - and what actually write on the entire planet? We Soviet cosmonauts, are hell knows where we badly ...

This signal screened trees. Astronauts guessed moved through the snowdrifts. In the end, SOS caught in Bonn. The Germans reported to the Kremlin. Our not believe.

And at this time - the only thing that the Mission Control Center knew about the missing cosmonauts, is that they landed somewhere in Russia. Hundreds of helicopters have been raised in the air and combed the neighborhood. At this time on TV reported that the astronauts landed safely and the rest in a sanatorium. The pause between the message and the appearance on the screen, the astronauts themselves clearly delayed. Unable to stand, Korolev Brezhnev phoned and asked what the hell. Korolev evil replied, "My business is to run the astronauts, your - to inform. You hurry, I did not."

Finally, one of the helicopters spotted the fire and two cosmonauts accident near him. But it was impossible to sit there. Pehom A group of skiers to clear the area axes. And from the sky rained gifts - warm clothes and boxes of brandy. Clothes hung on all the trees, cognac broke. Astronauts uvёrtyvalis and gloomy mother.

I deliberately set out everything in the genre zaviralnye adventure novel. To become clear contrast. I just told the documentary record Alexei Leonov. As if in rebuttal bullshit on his chest burned two stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union. I would give a dozen - to more than Brezhnev, and for each, "the first time in the history of mankind" in this flight. All of them - so Russian ...

10 of the most interesting facts about muscle (Ren the most ... ")


200 are included in the muscles work in only one step. The heart - the body's muscle endurance - operates continuously. Muscles grow and train about them written tons of sports literature. We will tell you the most interesting.
1. How many muscles?
Total in the human body are fewer than 640 to 850 from the muscles. During a simple walk to the body uses 200 muscles. Muscle tissue is 15% thicker and heavier than fat, so the trained person may exceed the total weight, but unsportsmanlike person of the same height. Muscles have an average 40% body weight.
2. The most-muscle
The most enduring of human muscle - the heart, the shortest - stirrups (it is straining the eardrum in the ear). Its length - 1.27 mm. The longest arm of the human body - tailoring. Fastest arm - Morgan. With regard to what the body's strongest muscle, you can find a variety of opinions. It is often said that the most powerful muscle - the language, but the language is composed of several muscles, so this view is false. They are very strong chewing muscles (strength of their pressure up to 100 kilograms), as well as caviar and glutes.
3. These different muscles
Muscles are not the same person. Therefore, the need to train them in different ways, and the recovery time and the different muscle groups is different. The fastest way to recover the triceps, the slowest - back muscles. This should be considered during training, your muscles need rest as much load as the growth of muscle fibers is due to the effect supercompensation. The complete muscle recovery occurs only 48 hours after intensive exercise.
4. Muscle Endurance
Endurance - the ability of muscles to maintain performance over time. Most muscle endurance of the human body, as we have already said - the heart. According to estimates of the doctors, "safety margin" of the average of the heart no less than 100 years. Muscles get tired, when they end, glycogen, and fatigue due to the large amount of calcium in the muscles. Previously, it was thought that the main culprit of fatigue is lactic acid. The Columbia University study was conducted in which mice were swimming every day for three weeks, and three days of trained cyclists. It was found that after exercise in the chemical structure of the ryanodine receptor, which is responsible for muscle contraction, serious changes - there was a gap in the cell membrane through which the filtered calcium into the muscle cells.
5. Muscles and emotions
It is known that the movement of facial muscles directly related to human emotions. In the beginning of the last century Russian scientist Ivan Sikorsky was the classification of facial expressions: the muscles around the eyes are responsible for the expression of mental phenomena, the muscles around the mouth - for acts of expression of the will and the feelings expressed all the muscles of the face. In 2011, scientists were able to discover that the person has a facial expression long before his birth. Even during the prenatal period, the child is already able to move the facial muscles to smile, raising his eyebrows in surprise or frown. Facial muscles are 25% of total muscle while smiling involved 17 groups of muscles, while anger or crying - 43. One of the best ways to preserve the smooth skin on the face - kissing. If you are running from 29 to 34 muscle groups.
6. Muscles and Genes
Amazingly, muscle training has an impact not only on the person, but also to its genes. In these modifications occur, which further helps muscle fibers to be ready for new loads. In order to prove or disprove the scientists from Aarhus scored Universitetea focus group of 20 volunteers, and stayed with them a 20-minute aerobic exercise on a stationary bike. After the study, the subjects were biopsied quadriceps, to see how the changed genes in their cells. It was found that exercise activates genes related to the muscles. This is because the cells retain DNA with methyl groups. If they are removed, the information is converted into a gene enzymes and proteins that are necessary for burning calories, recruitment of muscle mass and oxygen consumption. Following the experiment, all participants in the study reduced the number of methyl groups - that is adapted to increase muscle metabolism.
7. Muscles and telepathy
The common man can not gain control of all the muscles of the body, so the unconscious muscle contractions may serve as an indicator for the people who know the hidden thoughts or actions conceived. Psychologists and a high level of "telepathic" can use knowledge about these processes. Wolf Messing, one of the most famous telepath explained his phenomenal abilities is not magic, but a thorough knowledge of the muscles of man. He said: "It's not mind-reading, and, if I may say so," reading muscles "... When one thinks intensely about something, the brain cells transmit impulses to muscles throughout the body."
8. Long palmar muscle
Only one out of six people on Earth are preserved on both hands long palmar muscle. Some of them have only one hand. These muscle fibers are responsible for the issue of animal claws. The man, of course, this function is not needed. Palmaris longus, thus, are rudimentary, surgeons used if necessary as a material in the transplantation of muscle.
9. Muscles and chocolate
Ironically, one of the most useful products for the heart and muscles in general is dark chocolate. Studies at Wayne State University in Detroit found influence contained in dark chocolate epicatechin substance on the growth of mitochondria in muscle cells. L'Aquila University researchers also conducted a study in which subjects were given a hundred grams of chocolate for 15 days and measured their blood pressure. In the experiment, people have returned to normal pressure, improved blood circulation. Accordingly, the moderate consumption of dark chocolate can be considered as prevention of heart disease and atherosclerosis.
10. Loss of muscle
Muscles do not last forever. After 40 years, they begin to actively combusted in the year a person begins to lose 2 to 3 percent of muscle tissue after 60 years - up to 5%. Therefore, training in adulthood are no less important than in his youth.

                       About the person


1. Do not compare your life with others. You have no idea what they have experienced and do not know their way.
2. Do not keep negative thoughts or things you can not control. Instead invest your energy in the positive present.
3. No more than do. Know your limits.
4. Do not take yourself too seriously.
5. Do not waste your precious energy on gossip.
6. More dream while awake.
7. Envy is a waste of time. You already have all you need.
8. Forget the problems of the past. Do not remind your loved one of his / her mistakes of the past. This will ruin your present happiness.
9. Life is too short to waste time hating. Do not hate others.
10. No one is in charge of your happiness except you.
11. Realize that life - the school and you are here to experience it. Problems - just part of the curriculum that appear and disappear like some algebra class but the lessons you learn will be remembered for a lifetime.
12. Most of smiles and laughter.
13. You do not have to win every argument.

The complex of simple exercises to improve posture
(«Health»)

Exercise 1. To strengthen the muscles of the back and abdominals, 2-3 times a day (before meals) get up to the wall so that the back of the neck, shoulders, hips and the heels of her touch. To avoid gaps between the wall and the back, pull your abdomen (especially the abdomen), and if there is a tendency to stoop, bend your arms so that your fingers touch the shoulders and elbows - the body (the space between the wall and the lower back should not be increased).

The duration of the exercise (standing walls) - from 60 seconds to 2-3 minutes. Increase exercise time should be gradual. You can breathe freely. Having finished "standing against the wall," walk around the room, shaking hands and feet alternately. Then go with a good posture, as if just standing at the wall. Breathe freely.
During the day - standing, sitting - neck should be kept upright. In the sitting position necessary to rely on the chair.
Exercise to restore good posture should be carried out within 3-4 weeks.
Weak back muscles causes curvature of the spine. Violation of the natural curvature of the spine, as previously stated, difficult function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, causing the displacement of the digestive system. That's why you should regularly monitor their posture: no slouch neck to keep upright, abdomen a little pick.
Correct posture defects listed below will help exercises that should be done 2-3 times a day before meals or 2 hours after a meal.

Exercise 2: Standing repeatedly inhale-exhale, exhale while activating, that is, the stomach plunging in the second half exhale.
Then, after inhaling, exhaling, sit on your heels, take the posture shown in Fig. a. A subsequent breath to do on his knees with his hands down and exhale again to repeat the position shown in the figure. And so 6-8 times in a row.

Exercise 3: Sit between heels, as shown in Fig. b, arms bent behind his back, his hands folded thumbs up (neck vertically). Stay in this position for 10-30 seconds, then stand up, walk and sit down again in the position. Repeat 6.8.12 times.
This exercise can be performed while walking. With the strengthening of the back muscles to alternate this exercise while standing and sitting.

Exercise 4. Initially, standing, and then connect the foot during the fingers as shown in Fig. at. Every 5-10 seconds it is necessary to change the position of the hands. If there is a lateral curvature of the spine, you should check for any position hand curvature of the spine is reduced, and in this position many times the exercise. It will quickly remove defects in the side of the spine. Breathe freely.

Exercise 5. Sitting on the mat, as shown in Fig. g (legs bent, feet stacked, upright neck, chin slightly picked up), breathe freely, shallow.
This exercise is useful for all tonic to strengthen the back muscles. First, while the muscles are not strengthened, it can be every 20-30 seconds voltage sit and relax a bit.
To improve posture, in addition to the development of the back muscles, it is necessary to strengthen and abdominal muscles. If they are not trained, they weaken and do not have the desired intraabdominal pressure, which in turn supports the abdominal organs in the normal position. This leads to the fact that the organs of the abdominal cavity as though "fall out" outside - formed spherical abdomen. The bodies also sink a little, losing their working ability. Besides, the fat and most often it is deposited in the abdominal area. To counter this, it is necessary, along with the implementation of the above-described exercise, especially to strengthen the abdominal muscles. You can do this during a slow walk.

Exercise 6. In step 2 make a shallow breath (slightly bulging belly) and the next two steps - exhale strongly pulling the stomach - from the epigastric fossa to the groin. Exercise is simple, but its implementation will require first willpower. Repeat this exercise twice a day (can be going to and from work) 10 times, gradually increasing the number of repetitions to 30, and then - to 60.
In addition to strengthening the abdominal muscles this exercise has wonderful soft massage bodies located in the abdominal cavity, stimulates peristalsis. This exercise is very helpful suffering from constipation and poor digestion.

Scientists dispelled the myth of the eight natural sleep

Primitive hunter-gatherers slept as little as modern people suffering from insomnia, artificial light and night-time entertainment. US scientists have disproved the myth that the "natural" state of a person retiring at sunset and get up at dawn. A study on the subject published in the journal Current Biology.

Anthropologists have worked with three groups of modern hunter-gatherers, traditional lifestyles - Bolivian tsimane, Namibian Bushmen and Tanzanian Hadza. Total scientists recorded especially sleep 94 people. Since the lifestyle of these tribes has changed relatively little over the past few thousand years, their habits considered an indirect indicator of sleep practices of primitive people.

After several years of research, scientists have found that sleep in tsimane, Hadza Bushmen and, despite all the genetic, historical and geographical differences between them, subject to a strikingly similar laws. On average, they sleep less than six and a half hours (for comparison - the inhabitants of big cities in Europe and the United States the average allotment to sleep seven or eight hours).

None of the study participants went to bed after dark - just like in the cities with artificial lighting. Within three hours after sunset hunter-gatherers cook, dinner, prepared arrows and making plans for the next day. In addition, the majority of the Hadza, tsimane Bushmen and woke before dawn.

A number of medical studies have shown that modern industrial society representatives often feel sleepy in the middle of the day - which gave ground for the theories of the natural sleep-afternoon, the possibility of which was suppressed by civilization. However, hunters and gatherers almost never went to bed in the afternoon.

The only significant difference between the archaic tribes and residents of big cities - the first almost do not suffer from insomnia. Only 1.5-2.5 percent of hunter-gatherers could not sleep at night more often than once a year. In languages ​​tsimane dignity and even no word for insomnia. For comparison, suffer from chronic insomnia from 10 to 30 percent of representatives of industrial societies.

The number of hours of sleep in hunter-gatherers changed mainly depending on ambient temperature - in the winter they sleep on average an hour longer than the summer. In modern conditions the most important regulator of sleep off (due to heating), and its return can help in the fight against insomnia, the researchers note.

In 2014, another group of scientists found that the nightly conversations around the campfire played a crucial role in the evolution of human culture. Evening talks, as opposed to the daily, focused on those with whom the Bushmen do not touch in everyday life - the spirits, ancestors and distant tribes. In addition, the campfire telling cautionary tales and myths, bringing up members of the tribe in the correct behavior and respect for social norms.

Steam locomotive, race against time

Hard to believe, but the locomotive was designed and built back in 1938 as an engineer Nigel Greysli (Nigel Gresley) as an engine specially designed for driving high-speed trains. Contours of his cowl were tested in a wind tunnel at speeds of over 160 km / h. This car set a world speed record for steam locomotives, July 3, 1938 she developed 202.7 kilometers per hour. It's amazing, of course, for the time. It is called the locomotive LNER Class A4.

Our planet has water reserves of about 1 billion 408.7 million cubic kilometers and about 5.14 quadrillion tons of air. But because these stocks look to scale compared to the size of the Earth.

Getting rid of daytime sleepiness forever!

Cooking magical ginger tea. It improves circulation, tones and protects against colds and warms, stimulates digestion, thins the blood. It is also effective in atherosclerosis and helps get rid of the cough. Activates the metabolism, strengthens the immune system. It promotes the excretion of toxins from the entire body. It has many useful features, but the main thing - ginger tea relieves drowsiness and constant sickness of causeless!

At 0.5 liters of water, we need:
1. Fresh ginger root (3-4 cm);
2. Cardamom - 2 pods;
3. Pinch of cinnamon;
4. A teaspoon of green tea;
5. 3 hours. The lodges. Flower honey (can be more);
6. Carnation (optional);
7. Half of lemon.

We bring water to a boil and add to the ingredients except honey, cook for 3-4 minutes over medium heat, and then give a little cool. Honey is added only in the warm tea!

10 techniques that will increase your ability to solve problems and generate ideas witty

This article describes ten seemingly funny, but in the second and third - a very effective decision-making techniques, calculated and designed in full accordance with the teachings of de Bono. In fact, they had to be fifteen: one for each month of the year. But about two we just forgot.


1. The method of "6-3-5"
It stands just six people come up with three ideas every five minutes. Invite your guests (employees), put in a circle, ask how they are doing. Not waiting for an answer, give each a piece of paper, led her to write three ideas, one in the column, and note the clock to five minutes. Then ask participants to exchange cards. Now they have written to support or criticize each of the three ideas that they got; For everything again given five minutes. Change the cards again, and again, and again. Do this for as long as the worker does not expel you, because she had to wash the floor, or until all eighteen ideas will not be commented on by each of the participants. The entire procedure ideally takes half an hour, and at the end you have on hand will be eighteen initial ideas and ideas ninety-comments. Not bad, but you can sharpen them further, using our advice.

2. Procedure for Young
She paired comparison procedure. Let's say you and your friends make plans for the night from Friday to Sunday. One offers a club, the second - poker, the third - a sauna, a fourth wants to go home and did not want to, because I forgot to take the pill. Build the standings, using all the alternatives. As in football, there is possible or win, or a draw. If poker "tied" with sauna (alternatives seem equally boring) - one point; if won - three. Count the glasses, stop losing time and money in their homes. Anyway Yang procedure works only for situations with multiple (six) of alternatives.

3. Method GROW
I'm sorry to G here - this is not a G, read about in magazines and Goal. That is your purpose or condition that you want to achieve. R - is the Reality, the truth of life. O - it's Obstacles, barriers to, and at the same time Options, then there are options to overcome the difficulties. But with W all very obvious. As you suggested, it Ways forward, ie concrete steps to turn the desired into reality. How does the formula entirely? Take a dictionary and look it in the word "tablet". Then take a tablet. Or even just a piece of paper. Write in the top left corner of your G - for most people it is "power over the world and a lot of money." Then in the top right corner of the draw R - «authority over an assistant and little money." Reach out to the arrow by Reality Goal. He handed? Do not hurry to rejoice: you are still a little money. Under the arrow sign for all their O. For example: "In order to have more power, you need more money. But in order to have more money, you need to stop sleeping with the assistant. It's some deadlock - the magazine, help me! "From each O stretch down several arrows and came Options: take the credit; assistant fire; upgraded to deputy to coat she bought herself; Finally, create a social-nationalist party. Below, write a clear W: ask the personnel department, if you rely deputy and whether to dismiss a person on the grounds that it was silent during an orgasm; or stick a mustache to read and finally, Mein Kampf.

4. Method Picture Association and Biotechniques
We are not going to translate this term, because it is too obvious, quite well-known, extremely intuitive, and yet we do not know how to adequately translate. But the idea here is to be inspired by the picture, which has no relation to your problem. Go online and open your favorite photos. Then quickly close and find something decent, with a picture of a process or a natural phenomenon. Ideal panorama of the war, pictures of wildlife or production staff. Think about how what is happening in the picture associated with your problem or ask for tips at the picture (not out loud, not to look quite so stupid in their eyes). Let's say you are the owner of the plant, and in the last week five of your subordinates at first fell into a vat of boiling pitch, and then refused to resign voluntarily. You look at a picture of a marching soldiers or floating salmon. Why do they all work, and you - no? How would the soldiers acted (or salmon) on your site? Write down on a piece of any ideas, even the most insane. Soldiers marching to the music and they feel good? Maybe you put the plant powerful speakers, to the cries of the fallen into the vat had not been heard and not distracted by other workers? Patients eat salmon predators and they do not destroy the system? Maybe you quietly dismiss the victims until they stirred up a trade union and other workers? Or, I do not know to incite them bears.

5. The method of PMI - Plus, Minus, Interesting
Board to prescribe a single column of the pros of the situation, and in another - cons, you must have already given, and more than once. Good for you, I do not listen: very inefficient appliances. Far better to use a technique invented by de Bono PMI. In addition to the column "Pros" and "Cons" need to create the column "interesting." It will include all the curious consequences of your choice about which one can not say they are positive or negative and whether it will happen. For example, you decide to exchange one-bedroom apartment in the center of Moscow in a small village near Taishet. Pluses are obvious: fresh air, beautiful nature. Cons too: travel far to work, cold winters. But there are just interesting consequences. You finally see live beaver, who wanted to see since childhood. And you certainly fall in love in a Chinese spy (of Siberia, they say, is full). These details help make the choice if the pros and cons are balanced. In addition, each item can be assigned its value - from -5 to +5. For example, you can see the beaver and the zoo (for a ticket to the apartment can also be exchanged) - minus three. But Asians your fetish - plus four. Fold - and get a "plus one." Must go.

6. SWOT-analysis
Unlike Wasserman, and all analyzes, SWOT-analysis - a thing always positive. This is probably the easiest and most effective way to organize your thoughts. Most of the people from his intellectual professions know something, but you just in case recall. SWOT - an acronym for Strengths (Strengths), Weaknesses (weak points), Opportunities (possibilities) and Threats (threats). The technique invented 45 years ago at Harvard for detailed strategic planning in business. Businessmen analyzed the internal environment of the company and subscribed to the strengths of the first, and then - poor. After that, they predicted the impact of the environment, new opportunities as a result of the strengths of the new threats as a result of the deterioration of weaknesses. You can go in their footsteps and make a SWOT-analysis of any of its problems. For example, erectile dysfunction. Divide the list into four parts by two lines - horizontal and vertical. Write out in the upper left corner of dignity ("How to hang!"), And in the lower left - disadvantages ("But it is not necessary"). Now try to imagine the reaction medium on the situation. Yes, now you can safely stand in tight lines and ride on the tram, get a slap in the face without fear of uncontrolled erection. This is the upper right corner (O). In the lower right (T) points will probably be more, and you will understand the obvious thing: you go to the urologist-andrologist!

7. Method Nominal Group Technique
In brainstorming no shortage, except that minority interests are sacrificed to the dictatorship of the masses, all the credit gets the most flashy, quitters keep silent and humble people kick under the table to say anything, and by such treatment bruises . Nominal group technique in this sense, much more democratic: instead of making noise, participants brainstorm quietly write their ideas on paper. Then Moderator removes duplicate ideas, create a shortlist and asked colleagues to create the final rankings ideas. The first idea in each list receives two points, the second - one. Then the results are summarized. And guess what the idea of ​​winning?

8. The method of 5W
5W - untranslatable (lossless) English abbreviation. The idea is to re-seat all the participants brainstorm in a circle and take turns asking each other questions, in the original language starting with W: why (why), what if (if), when (when), where (where) and who (who). Moderator with the records answers. As a result of this discussion you will not only be able to successfully a couple of times to keep silent, but part of the full, comprehensive picture of the problems discussed at the.

9. Matrix priorities
Is nothing highly technical with falling green figures. The matrix will embody the usual Excel. Strings - solutions to the problem, bollards - evaluation criteria. Options: open your business, get a job. Criteria: financial prospects, the quality of leisure time, the amount of effort, and so on. D. If you just judged on a scale of one of the criteria for each of the alternatives you're bored, you can complicate the task of assigning the weight criteria. For example, you do not care, you will earn a million dollars or RMB, but it is important to see friends on a regular basis. Then, a column of leisure "weighs" more than a column of Finance and estimates set out in it, will need to be multiplied by 1.5, or 2. If you are still bored, call experts were asked to do the same thing, but secretly APPROPRIATE level of importance each of the advisers. For example, the weight of her grandmother - five, because it wise. The rest of the "easier".

10. The method of colored flags
Brainstorming is often delayed until the morning, not only because it's cold and scared. In fact, participants simply do not feel the psychological barriers when ideas are born every second, it is difficult not to fall into euphoria. At the stage of generating ideas is definitely a plus. But when you need to narrow the range of search, the problems begin. Specially for this purpose keep the house multicolored flags, toothpicks, foreign coins or bouillon cubes. Let's say the two of you come up with other ideas and fifty recorded on each piece of paper. Give me ten and ten other flags - currently. Note cards with them the ideas that are in the second round of voting. If one understood correctly, the ideas will be twenty. Throw waste paper and ten flags. Again the vote. And again. At the end should remain two people, two flags and two best ideas. If anything, we cheer for you.

These moving statues every day tell the story of love

Azerbaijan Ali boy fell in love with a Georgian princess Nino. The difference in religion and social status is the first barrier to their marriage. They married, but their lives were a lot of trials, meetings and partings.

Dimples - is actually a genetic defect. They mean that muscles grow properly and between depressions formed.

"Exclusion Zone" in Chernobyl became a paradise for wildlife

The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was a disaster not only for the locals. Under attack appeared and the local flora and fauna: the fallout does not distinguish species and dangerous for everyone. Besides birds and animals out of the danger zone no evacuated, and the first time the death rate among them exceeds the limit. But now, almost 30 years later, the wild nature of this region is booming.

Radiation levels in the "exclusion zone" is still elevated. However, judging by the state of the local nature, radiation - mere trifle compared to the man. And in the absence of human nature blooms and plant and animal populations multiplied. A study conducted by a group of ecologists from Belarus, Europe and the United States, showed that in the long term nuclear disaster turned to nature factor rather favorable, and the number of large mammals - from moose and beavers to wild boars and wolves - are here today are much higher than before the accident.

Especially flourished wolves, which number in the "exclusion zone" now seven times higher than the number of these predators in nearby nature reserves and parks. "Data about the many different kinds of animals in the vicinity of the epicenter of the accident to illustrate the flexibility and resilience of natural ecosystems that are exempt from human pressure," - adds one of the authors, the American researcher Jim Beasley (Jim Beasley).

"All this does not mean that the radiation useful life, - emphasizes his colleague from the UK Jim Smith (Jim Smith). - This is just a result of the absence of human activities - hunting, agriculture and forestry - which naturally causes much more damage. "

Source

7 mythological concepts of creation

In most mythologies have shared stories about the origin of all things: the allocation of items from the original order of chaos, division of maternal and paternal gods, the land of origin of the ocean, endless and timeless. Here are the most interesting myths and legends about the creation of the world.

Slavic
The ancient Slavs were a lot of legends about how there was a world and all who inhabit it.
Creation began with filling his love.
In the Carpathian Slavs have a legend, according to which the world was created by two pigeons sitting on the oak among the sea and thought, "how to set up the light." We decided to go down to the bottom of the sea, take the fine sand and sow it, and with it would go "black bit of land, studio water that grass is green." And with the golden stone, which is also produced at the bottom of the sea - would go "blue sky, bright sun, clear month, and all the stars."
According to one myth, the world was initially shrouded in darkness. There was only the progenitor of all things - Rod. He was imprisoned in the egg, but managed to produce Lada (Love), and its power has destroyed the shell. Creation began with filling his love. Rhode created the kingdom of heaven, and under it - the Middle Kingdom, separated from the ocean waters of the firmament. Then Rod divided Light and Darkness, and became the father of the Earth, which was plunged into the dark abyss of the Ocean. From Roda face the sun came out of his chest - the moon, from the eyes - Star. From Rhoda were breathing the wind out of tears - rain, snow and hail. His voice began to thunder and lightning. Then she gave birth Svarog Rod and breathed into his mighty spirit. It SVAROG arranged day and night, and made the earth - squeezed in the hands of a handful of earth, which then fell into the sea. The sun warmed the earth and caked her crust cooled the surface of the Moon.
According to another legend, the world was the result of the hero of the battle with the dragon that guarded the golden egg. Hercules killed the snake, chopped egg, and from it came the three kingdoms of heaven, earth and underground.
There is a legend in the beginning there was nothing but the boundless sea. Duck flying over the sea surface, dropped the egg into the water depths, it split from the bottom of his left "mother-land of cheese", and from the top - "stood tall firmament."

Egyptian
Creator and Atum was considered the primordial essence, which originated from Noon - primary ocean. In the beginning there was no heaven, no earth, no soil. Atum as the hill grew up in the middle of the ocean. There is an assumption, according to which, the shape of the pyramid is also connected to the concept of primary hill.
Egyptian god Atum absorbed their same seed, and then spewed into the world of two children.
After Atum pulled from the water with great effort, soared over the abyss, and a spell in which grew up among the water surface of the second hill - Ben Ben. Atum sat on the hill and began to think of what he create peace. Since he was the one that consumed their seed to, and then spewed air god Shu and goddess Tefnut moisture. And the first people emerged from the tears of Atum, who briefly lost their children - Shu and Tefnut, and then regained, and burst into tears of joy.
From this pair, Atum born, there were gods Geb and Nut, and they, in turn, gave birth to twins Osiris and Isis, and Seth and Nephthys. Osiris was the first god, killed and resurrected for eternal afterlife.

Greek
The Greek concept was initially Chaos, from which came the earth Gaia, and in the depths of her deep-seated abyss of Tartarus. Chaos spawned Nyuktu (Night) and Erebus (Darkness). The night also spawned Tanat (death), Hypnos (Sleep) and Moir - the goddess of fortune. From the Night took goddess of rivalry and discord Eris, which gave rise to hunger, grief, Murder, Lies, Iznutritelny labor battles, and other troubles. From communication Nights with Erebus was born Aether and radiant day.
Gaia gave birth to Uranus (the sky), and then it went up from the depths of the mountains, and the plains spread out Pont (Sea).
Gaia and Uranus engendered the Titans: the Ocean, Tefiyu, Iapetus, Hyperion Teyyu, Kriya Kay, Phoebe, Themis, Mnemosyne, Kronos and Rhea.
Cronus overthrew his mother with the help of his father, seizing power and taking a wife's sister Rhea. They created a new tribe - the gods. But Kronos was afraid his children, because he once overthrew his same parent. That's why he swallowed them soon after birth. One child Rhea hid in a cave on Crete. This saved the baby was Zeus. God nurtured a goat, and his muffled cries blows copper shields.
Growing up, his father Zeus overcame Crohn's and made him vomit out of the womb siblings: Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. Thus came to an end the era of Titans - the era of the gods of Olympus.

Scandinavian
The Scandinavians believed that before the world was empty ginnungagap. To the north of it lay frozen Niflheim world of darkness, and to the south - the fiery country Muspellheym. Gradually, the emptiness of the world filled with poisonous ginnungagap with frost, which turned into a giant Ymir. He was the ancestor of all frost-giants. When Ymir slept, the sweat began to drip from his armpits, and the droplets become a man and a woman. Because of this water formed as auðumbla cow, whose milk drink Ymir, and the second was born from the sweat of a man - the Storm.
Son Buri Bor Bor married the giantess Bestla, and it was their three sons: Odin, Vili and Ve. For some reason, the sons of Storm hated giant Ymir and killed him. Then they carried his body to the center ginnungagap and created the world: from the flesh - earth, from the blood - the ocean, the skull - the sky. Ymir's brain scattered across the sky, the clouds turned. Ymir's eyelashes they fenced off the best part of the world, and people settled there.
Drops of sweat from the armpits of the Scandinavian giant Ymir transformed into a man and a woman.
Themselves as the gods created humans from two wood knots. From the first men and women there were all the other people. For myself, the gods built a castle Asgard, where he settled.

Chinese
In China, I believe that the universe once had the shape of a huge egg, which was born ancestor Pangu. He slept in the egg 18 thousand years, and he woke up, he began looking for a way to get out. Pangu ax cut through the shell.
Two start - a bright, educated the spirit of Ian and dark formed the spirit of Yin became heaven and earth respectively. Pangu stood on the ground and put his head in the sky, not to give them again mix and turn into chaos. From his breaths winds rose from exhalations - thunder, the day came when the giant opened his eyes, and when closed - night fell. Every day, Pangu grew up to 3 meters, so that the sky was getting higher, and the earth - thicker.
People came out of the parasites that crawled over the body of the Chinese ancestor Pangu. Pangu stood for 18 thousand years, and died, and his voice was thunder, breath - the wind and clouds, his left eye - the sun, the right - the moon, the body - the four cardinal points, the blood - the rivers, the flesh - soil. But people got out of the parasites that crawled over the body Pangu.

Zoroastrian
Zoroastrians have created an interesting concept of the universe. According to this concept, there is a world of over 12 thousand. Years. His whole story is divided into four periods, each of 3 thousand. Years.
First period - pre-existence of things and ideas. At this stage, the heavenly creatures have existed pre-images of all that was later created on Earth. This state is called the world Menok ("invisible" or "spiritual").
The second period is the creation of the created world, that is the real, the visible, the population of "creatures". Ahura Mazda created the heavens, the stars, the moon, the sun, the first man and pervobyka. For the sphere of the Sun is the abode of Ahura Mazda. However, at the same time it begins to act Ahriman. It invades the limits of the sky, creates planets and comets do not obey the uniform motion of the celestial spheres.
Ahriman pollute water, sends death to the first man and Gayomarta pervobyka. But the first person born a man and woman, from which went to the human race, and of all the animals pervobyka occur. From the clash of two opposing started the whole world in motion: water gain fluidity, there are mountains, moving celestial bodies. To neutralize the effect of "bad" planets, Ahura Mazda each planet puts his spirits.
The third period covers the period of existence of the universe before the prophet Zoroaster.
During this period, there are mythological heroes of the Avesta: the king of the golden age - Yima Shining in the kingdom which no heat, no cold, no old age, no envy - the creation of the devas. This king rescues people and livestock from the flood by constructing a special shelter for them.
Among the just mentioned this time and some field Vishtaspa ruler, patron of Zoroaster. During the last, fourth period (after Zoroaster) in each millennium, people should be three Savior appeared sons of Zoroaster. The last of them, the Savior Saoshyant, will decide the fate of the world and humanity. He will raise the dead, destroy the evil and defeat Ahriman, then come the cleansing of the world, "the flow of molten metal", and all that will be left after this, will gain eternal life.

Sumerian-Akkadian
Mythology of Mesopotamia is the most ancient of all known in the world. There she is in the 4th millennium BC. e. in the state, which at that time was called Akkad, and later was developed in Assyria, Babylonia, Sumeria and Elam.
In the early times were only two gods who personified the fresh (god Apsu) and salinity (the goddess Tiamat). Water exist independently and never crossed. But once the fresh and salt water are mixed - and the gods were born older - children Apsu and Tiamat. Following the senior gods appeared and many younger gods. But the world is still composed of only one of chaos, the gods were crowded and not comfortable in it, as they often complained to the supreme Apsu. Apsu is ill-fed up, and he decided to destroy all of his children and grandchildren, but the battle was not able to overcome his son Enki, to whom he was defeated and cut into four parts, which have turned into dry land, sea, river and fire. For the murder of her husband wanted to take revenge on Tiamat, but it also was defeated by the young god Marduk, who created to fight the wind and the storm. After the victory of Marduk got some artifact "Me", which determines the movement and fate of the world.

It became known, who will receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Yesterday, October 7 became known the names of those who got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The prestigious award was awarded for the study of mechanisms of DNA "repairing".

The prize went to an international team of researchers: Swedish scientist Thomas Lindahl (Tomas Lindahl), American Paul Modric (Paul Modrich) and US citizen of Turkish origin Sanjar Aziz (Aziz Sancar). The corresponding decision appeared on the official site of the award Nobelprize.org.

In the center of the work of scientists turned repair mechanisms, or repairing DNA. Every day, our DNA is faced with all sorts of injuries. "If they remain uncorrected, our genetic material would now be slightly similar to the one that was in the very first cell of our body," - explained the Nobel Committee. It is the special function of the cells, which is used for elimination of chemical damage and breaks in DNA molecules.

Swede Thomas Lindahl showed the world how exposed the cells to different damage. Aziz Sanjar identified a cellular mechanism as cutting nucleotides. Sex Modric, in turn, detected cell feature by which the process dividing corrects errors in DNA. In general, the opening will allow a better understanding of some of the functions of cells. And in the future it will help create more effective drugs against cancer.

Source

Events for October 9, Friday

Holidays:
- Uganda's Independence Day;
- USA, Day Eriksson.

Developments:
- In 1708 - The defeat of the troops under the command of Peter I Corps Lewenhaupt at the Battle of the Forest during the Northern War, 1700-1721 (ill.1);
- In 1760 - Capture of Berlin Russian troops during the Seven Years' War;
- In 1874 - Creation of the Universal Postal Union (ill.2);
- In 1980 - Nobel Prize for Literature awarded to the Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz;
- In 2000 - the Washington Library of Congress received the biggest in its 200-year history of the donation - $ 60 million from billionaire John Kluge (John Werner Kluge) (ill.3);
- In 2006 - The first test of North Korea's nuclear weapons.

Born:
- In 1704 - Johann Zegner (d. 1777), the German-Hungarian physicist who created the prototype of the hydraulic turbine;
- In 1822 - Jacques Bresse (Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse) (d. 1883), a French mathematician;
- In 1825 - Vasily Vodovozov (d. 1886), Russian teacher, translator, children's writer;
- In 1879 - Max von Laue (d. 1960), German physicist, Nobel Prize in 1914 (ill.4);
- In 1892 - Ivo Andric (d. 1975), the Yugoslav writer and diplomat, Nobel Prize winner for literature (1961);
- In 1926 - Eugene Evstigneev (d. 1992), the Soviet film and theater actor, People's Artist of the USSR.

Died:
- In 1857 - Joseph Ressel (Joseph Ludwig Franz Ressel - Josef Ludvík František Ressel) (p. 1793), the Austrian inventor of Czech origin, will offer a new propeller for the ship - propeller, placed aft and built the world's first ship "Chiveta" with propeller (ill.5);
- In 1943 - Pieter Zeeman (b. 1865), a Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in 1902, together with Hendrik Lorentz (Hendrik Antoon Lorentz) «in recognition of outstanding contributions they have made to their research the influence of magnetism on radiation '(Plate .6);
- In 1949 - Viktor Uspensky (b. 1879), a music ethnologist, composer;
- In 1978 - Paul Antokolsky (b. 1896), a poet ("The municipality of '71," "Son", "Pushkin");
- In 1988 - Felix Wankel (b. 1902), German engineer and inventor, creator of the original rotary-piston internal combustion engine;
- In 2006 - Mikhail Shultz (b. 1919), Russian physical chemist.

Day: Vincent, Dionysus, Ludwik, Tikhon, Vladimir.

7 mistakes that 99% of women

There is a myth that people fall in love at first sight and their love lasts forever. However, no one does not build the house, no one does not get a profession, and no one is recovering.

I believe that a woman is building relationships. Do you know why I do not advise couples? Because, as a rule, a man asks to prove that a woman is wrong. And nothing else from a psychologist, he is not waiting. I believe that a man responds only to a woman. He will not be as responsive to a psychologist. I work with women because piously believe that when a woman changes, changing the ratio of men to her.

In this article, the 7 most common mistakes I've ever encountered.

Error number 1: Do you read a lot of morals.

The fundamental error in a relationship - it is a lot of talk on the part of women. And it's not just talk. This is when, instead of explaining the reason for his sadness, she said: "I'll tell you how! I know! You do not know you at all ... "She starts his sermons, for example, in the car, at a time when he can not even get out of it. And it continues all the way to the brain to make him a minor subject. Then they come home, eat, go to sleep, have sex, and in the morning all repeated.

Mistake number 2: you throws to extremes.

In women, there is another common mistake. They constantly go to extremes - "always available" or "completely inaccessible." There are 2 points in ...

When a woman is available close to your partner, regardless of his behavior, it loses its value for itself and for the partner.

When a woman takes the position of a tough leader, or "mother" in the family, her sex drive disappears. Because the men in the head "mama" and "sex" - are two different things. "Mama" - for love and sex have to look for another woman.

The woman - a combination of girls and mothers. Together we get a calm, harmonious woman who knows how to be flexible. Mom can not be flexible, as always something worrying and must be correct. A girl can not be flexible, simply because it is stupid.

When a woman learns to feel it understands what calm joy. And learning to find the tools to come to such a state.

Women waiting for that will come a man who will do anything and will be good. It does not become good. Because the need for love - it is a basic need. The basic requirements we can implement only their own. And if a woman is not able to meet their basic needs on their own, will increase resentment. Although it would seem, it goes as it should, and the man does as writing in journals. But she does not feel. And this leads to the fact that people leave.

Error number 3: You lupite tiger sneaker.

The woman often tries to convey to the man that he is not in line with its views. She constantly repeats statements such as: "You're lazy!", "How can I?", "You'll never earn money", "When you make a decision?". And report the information to him in such a position in the end make him a "pig" who does not want her to come.

I have such an allegory, when we take the tiger and let us peel his sneakers every day. We tell him that he was not strong, and not a tiger. I suggest that women say such phrases as, "You know, I'm sad," "You know, I'm very upset, because I explained to you how important it is for me, in the hope that you will understand me." Thus, a woman gives a man is responsible for his condition. This is very important. Because all women are waiting for justice. He is absolutely comfortable being who does not like the extra responsibility. And representatives of the strong half of humanity is much easier to make a woman feel comfortable, rather than later be responsible for the fact that she is sad.

Error number 4: You do not realize what is happiness.

I have been working for 15 years and for a long time did not understand why a girl with a very different status, age, experience and education make the same mistakes. And what I realized? What is the parents' responsibility is enormous. Parents must give their daughter the experience of happiness, in which she would later identify themselves in society. For example, I was not taught to feel happiness. And when she comes to life, she does not know what the state of happiness. She knows fragmentary state awards for good grades, good behavior or something else. And so it goes in life, not knowing what happiness is, and meets a man who says: "I am happy!" She takes him to her. It takes 2-3 years, and she does not feel happiness.

The main task of the parents - to convey to their children the meaning of happiness. And if a woman brings and cultivates a sense of quiet joy, it solves two problems at once.

Error number 5: You do not raise affection in children.

My friend has a daughter who is 3 years. When she approaches him, he immediately shows affection. By and large, nature shows the pattern of behavior of the girl. If the woman had behaved all the time so that the man would not have any chance of staying indifferent. But where this all is lost with age? Why, when you start talking to a woman, you need as much time to wait for it to cling to you? When women have children, they did it unconsciously. Why do they need to teach it again?

This anxiety. Experience from previous relationships. When the girl cheated three times, she begins to think: "What if he does not need? Suddenly he would alienate me? "

When I put myself in it, I will say a kind word, then it will not be a bad release. Similarly, our children. First - you should always take their feelings. If my daughter is crying, you can never tell her that she was crying because of nonsense. I must say that you would have wept in her place. We need to empathize. One of the tools is to make it clear to your child that he's all right. It must be said: "In any situation, I'm with you." And you have to stop yourself from moralizing. Many people say, "I'm in any situation with you, but you listen to when I was your age ..." And it starts ...

Mistake number 6: You do not give the man says.

A man should learn to speak. When he's not talking, a woman feels unnecessary. The problem is that they make plans alone and do not discuss them with the woman. If he says: "Today, I'm working for three years to buy us a house," - the woman gladly support it. In the eyes of the man, if he lives with her, she comes home and eats the soup, then - he loves her. But the woman is not clear. Women ask: "How do I know what he looks at me a little late coming and sleeping in the other room?" When I ask this question to men, they say, "Well, I did it! Everything is fine. " With women need to talk. We must say: "I'm tired. Prepare a dish that's me. " And she'll be happy.

How to communicate to men that you need?

The fact that women see detail. That is up from the fragments of the big picture. And men see the big picture. When a woman does something and asks the man: "Well?" - In his head explodes. He thinks that if he says, and does not fall, it will be a scandal.

There is one good game. When your man asks you to do something, for example, asks you where his shirt, or asks to make tea, you tell him the following: "Three important for me the word and I'll tell you where your shirt" or "5 tender words, and you will have the best tea in the world. " Men really need to train for a while to ensure that it is constantly telling you these words. Later, he will independently use this tool.

Mistake number 7: You are not aware of its beauty

Why does a woman when out on the street for hours standing at the mirror and wants to look a little better for strangers, but can not find the time to look good for her man at home? This is because women are concerned about public opinion. Her man is nearby. It is much more important that the man is not to say something wonderful, and some stranger tell her husband about what his beautiful wife.

It's not exactly a healthy position and it must be eradicated. I believe that to be beautiful - it's a job for a woman for life. No matter how old she is. No matter whom she works. In no case can not run itself.

Simple techniques to be happy:

Think: "What a pleasure to deliver myself today?"

Come 4 kilometers a day on foot. It should not be "500 meters is now 500 - later." It should take just 4 kilometers.

Drink water! Depression washed out from the body.

Say to yourself, "I approve of myself!" As often as possible.

In short: do in the morning is that you love. And the day starts well.

And there is another good tip: once a week, do not do anything. Nothing at all. You can not fill the bed, eat yogurt, go to the fitness room and more. This is a very important procedure.

Like many, I went to Tibet to find answers about happiness. Did not find. It was cold, hungry and scared. I was there for three weeks, and once a week I had the opportunity to ask the sage monk. My secret of happiness is that there are no guarantees. The world is unstable. Everything can change at any moment. And if today I will not take the maximum, then tomorrow I regret.

Author unknown.

15 facts about our dreams

On the nature of dreams is known not so little. We publish the most interesting facts about dreams.

1. People are increasingly dream flight

The number of people who dream of flying has increased from 1954 to 2000. Researchers believe that we increasingly began to fly in a dream with the advent of airplanes and due to frequent travel.

2. Insecure people often have dreams

Dreams insecure people differ from those who are more confident. Insecure people often have dreams, and those dreams are more full of strong emotions.

3. Change the position stops sleep

If you want to stay in my sleep a few minutes after waking up, stay in the same position where you were, being in a dream. If you move or stretches, your body activates the muscles and "off" dream.
This can help in the case of a nightmare: to get rid of it, change your position.

4. Dreams help you make decisions

When we dream, our brain encodes information for short-term and long-term memory. If you are struggling to remember something, take a nap or rest.

5. We all remember our dreams worse

Our ability to remember dreams begins to deteriorate when we reach maturity and continues to decline with age, especially in men.

6. We can see daydreams

Sleep during wakefulness - a technique which is to use our imagination to play a recent dream.
After you recall a dream, let him develop further and note what happens. Waking dream can be used for relaxation and to analyze complex or confusing dreams.

7. Our thoughts while awake affect dreams

So, what we think about before going to sleep, can have a significant impact on the contents of our dreams. If we actively concentrate on something, it is most likely, and will manifest, but if we let the mind wander, the dream may emerge problems that we are deeply concerned.

8. Dreams make us smarter

When we dream, our brain is actively working to solve the problems. So if you prepare for the exam, you better go early to secure the information that you learn, you try to midnight study material.

9. Pregnant women dreaming differently

Since we dream about what happens in our lives, it is not surprising that pregnant women often dream of pregnancy and childbirth. Dreams of birth popping up in the last third semester of pregnancy, and pregnant women often dream darkest dreams.

10. Recurring dreams occur by chance

If one and the same dream or nightmare continues to repeat - do not ignore it. Our brain uses dreams as a way to process what is happening in the real world. If the dream appears over and over again, it is associated with some unresolved issues in your life that need attention.

12. Television influences dreams

In our dreams affects what we looked transmission in black and white or rose color television. The study showed that 80% of those under the age of 30 years have seen colored dreams, compared to 20% of people older than 60.

13. Men and women see different dreams

Women with the same frequency dreams of men and women, and men dream about men in 2 times more often than women.

14. The brain erases dreams ever since we saw them

Also, as we clean the hard drive of the computer, our brain erases the memories of the dreams that we saw, except when we woke up during sleep. Although the whole night we have dreams, we remember only those from which we have awakened. Most people forget them, too, but if you do not focus on the fact that they remember.

15. In our dreams no disability

In a study of deaf and people and patients suffering from paralysis of the lower limbs, we found that limited options had no effect on dreams. For example, 80 percent of deaf participants talked and heard their dreams, while 14 of the 15 members of paralyzed movement and were physically active.