Scientists have split the body of a woman in the 5000 pieces for experiments

Scientists have cut the body of the dead woman in the 5000 pieces and moved them into a digital format to create the most detailed image of a human body. Digital version called "human phantom."

For the "Visible Human Project" has been named the whole process, it was used by the body of 59-year resident of Maryland, who died 20 years ago of a heart attack. The body of her husband donated to scientists. Previously, such a project was carried out with 38-year-old Texas murderer Joseph Paul Dzhernigenom. His body was cut into pieces of 1 mm thick.
However, a woman's body, as the researchers note, provides much greater detail. Images of her body allow scientists to study tissue from head to toe. Experts also have the use of MRI scans and CT made the woman shortly before his death.

Scientists note that divided into 5,000 pieces of the body will allow them to carry out experiments that are dangerous for the living. Before making a detailed cross-sectional view, the body was stored in a mixture of gelatin and water. The project is Professor Sergei Makarov from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts. The scientist noted that due to the "Visible Human Project" has been corrected a few mistakes in the textbooks of anatomy: for example, the shape of the muscles in the pelvic area and the location of the bladder.

Now, researchers are using the data obtained to create a digital model of the human body of 231 parts, including the trachea and eyeballs that can be controlled. Makarov said that his team of engineers have experimented with "human phantom" implanting his metal hip and thigh.

They looked at what would happen if you put a person with the metal parts of the body MRI scanner, which can cause the metal to heat up the introduction of a strong magnetic field. The results may help doctors develop safer and more effective ways of examination of patients with implants to help improve screening for breast cancer, and to explore the impact of long-term mobile phone use on the brain, using the impact of electromagnetic radiation, writes Daily Mail.

"" Phantom "gives us an excellent opportunity to examine human tissue, avoiding the need to do research on people who are long and expensive," - explains the orthopedic surgeon at Harvard Medical School, Ara Nezerien.

Viruses found themselves living beings

Scientists have shown that viruses are living things, and have evolved from the same common ancestor as the cells of animals and plants. A new study on this subject is presented in the journal Science Advances.

Biologists Gustavo Caetano-Anoles (Gustavo Caetano-Anollés) and Arshan Nasir (Arshan Nasir) compared the protein structure of the 3460 and 1620 viruses cells. These are the types of folding proteins that remain stable even with changes in the genetic code - that makes these structures extremely valuable source of information about ancient evolutionary history of viruses and cells.

The researchers found 442 common types of folds and 66 unique structures of viruses: this proportion is characteristic of related organisms separated from a common ancestor some time ago.

Many researchers are denied the right to be called viruses living beings, since they can not reproduce on their own (and only infect foreign cells), and they have no metabolism. However, Caetano Anoles and Nasir sure that viruses simply a way of life different from other organisms.

"They are living organisms that survive an unusual method, need to infect the cell. In the end, it's not too different from the life cycle of certain parasitic bacteria "- scientists say.

In addition, the true nature of viruses Caetano Anoles and Nasir urged to consider not virions and viral "factories" in the infected cells. Production of the latest new virions, going to the capture of other cells, the researchers believe the analogue reproduction of "ordinary" organisms (production of gametes, fertilize each cell).

Hypothetical common ancestor of modern viruses and cell biologists call protovirokletkoy, and believe that it was a primitive model of the modern "virus factories". In the future, the selection pressure caused protovirokletki trim its size and the amount of the genome - so perhaps any viruses.

Eye color varies throughout life.

Eye color may change throughout life. Sometimes shortly after birth eye color varies from light to dark - it sometimes occurs in Caucasians, and is associated with the accumulation of melanin in the iris. Older people sometimes pale eyes, which is associated with a certain loss of transparency of the mesodermal layer. Also eye color can be changed in connection with certain diseases.

Scientists managed to teleport a photon over a distance of 100 kilometers

The phrase "photon teleportation" does not sound as impressive when we remember all that we have seen in science fiction films and television series. Of course, it is unlikely in the coming decades, science will learn to teleport people from one place to another, but the achievement of a group of researchers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology still is very important for science. After all, before a record distance over which managed to teleport a photon, it is only 25 kilometers away, and scientists were able to increase it as much as four times.

Quantum teleportation - this is the process of transferring the quantum state of a certain distance using classical communication channel. This state is destroyed at the point of dispatch, and recreated at the point of reception. The term was first used in the journal Physical Review Letters 1993. Quantum teleportation is not sending energy or substance to the distance, but only teleport the information, and not faster than light, so it does not violate the principles of modern physics.

Scientists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology really managed to beat the previous record, improving his four times with 25 kilometers to 100. They managed to transfer quantum information from one photon to another by means of fiber-optic cable. It turned out they have it thanks to the new detectors are capable of detecting a weak signal light particles alone. Nevertheless, more than 99% of the photons in the experiment have failed to reach their destination.

Why do you need it? Scientists say that this achievement in the field of quantum teleportation opens up tremendous opportunities in front of them. For example, it can lead to a breakthrough in the development of quantum computers. Or it will be possible to use quantum encryption of data transmitted over long distances. At the moment, a team of researchers is working to increase the distance over which they can transmit data and improve the efficiency of the process.

A new type of brain implant allows dramatically improve a person's memory

  You can not remember his old friend? In this case, you can help to stimulate certain areas of the brain using a new implant, developed by researchers at DARPA. These implants are tiny electrode array placed in certain areas will not only restore the system memory and to regain lost memories. Their use will dramatically improve the operation of human memory and allow to perform tricks such as instant training, as has been demonstrated in a series of science-fiction movie "The Matrix."

Research leading to the development of implants accompanying hardware and software have been started with a group of volunteers who have agreed to install the electrode arrays. It should be noted that all these patients underwent brain surgery, the need for which was caused by illness not related to memory, or injury.

An array of electrodes were placed in areas of the brain responsible for short term memory, spatial memory and orientation of a person in the space. In early studies, scientists produced detailed records neural activity in a time when the memory of the person formed new memories and when extracted from it already in there memories. Deciphering the entire picture of the activities and understand the operation of parts of the brain, scientists have found out what signals need to submit to the brain to influence certain groups of neurons, which was intended to improve a person's memory.

Since that time, it became possible to implement some of the miracles in the style of "The Matrix" Remember how the main character Neo, played by Keanu Reeves, have been downloaded from a remote computer skills in martial arts and skills of piloting the helicopter. The program RAM Replay DARPA researchers are also trying to recreate something similar. Usually complex skills acquired by man as a result of multiple repetitions of certain actions, enshrined in his memory on the reflex level. But the special influence exerted by the implant, will speed up this process many times. And it can be done at times when a person is sleeping or performing other actions. It's all happening still not as fast as in "The Matrix," but it can already be considered as a first approximation to the ultimate goal

"Technology manufacture implantable devices are improving day by day. In parallel with this, we learn more and more new stimulation of the brain, whereby we are able to increase the therapeutic effect of the other methods of treatment of a neurological disease" - says Justin Sanchez (Justin Sanchez ), one of the leaders of the program DARPA RAM Replay, - "And we will soon get the opportunity not only to help the wounded soldiers and people with severe neurological disorders. Such technology can be an invaluable aid to people who will need to quickly acquire new knowledge or skills in the event of a critical situation when working in different conditions, for example, on the seafloor, in the air or in space during the flight to other planets. "

Giving your child iPad equivalent abused him

Most parents believe that a child is bad in general all, and especially what is not natural. For example, tablets, which do not grow on trees and that a child was not even in very young parents. How to relate to the fact that children from a very young age are iPad and similar devices? They are useful for children or, on the contrary, cause harm to the child?

Giving your child at an early age iPad tantamount to ill-treatment, according to the University of British psychologist Richard Winchester House. According to him, these devices are harmful, unnecessary and inappropriate gadgets for children at an early age.

House alarmed about the increasing addiction of children to the screen. Giving your child a tablet, "parents are playing Russian roulette with its development." Digital images lead to wrong, distorted perception of the world, depriving the child of real human interaction. Wrong to give a minor plate, immerse it in the virtual world, as he has just started to learn the world around us.

With the approval of the psychologist and agree to the American Association of Pediatricians - doctors do not recommend children under 2 years of age, in principle, to use electronic devices, including watching television.

Not so long ago in American society scandal erupted - outraged the parents of the public movement Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood filed a petition against the Fisher-Price, which sold children's chairs with built-in stand for iPad. According to the head movement of Dr. Susan Linn, for the normal development of the child with him to chat, play and take in his hands - still sitting in front of a plate harmful. Therefore, Fisher-Price must stop selling such furniture.

On the other hand, many believe that children need for full development of diverse experience. Therefore, there is nothing wrong if the child some time to spend with your smartphone or tablet. In the end, it is in the world with a huge number of consumer electronics, and he will live.

On Sunday there will be a rare eclipse Supermoon

If on Sunday 27 September you look at the sky, you will see a huge red moon. Do not worry, it's not a sign of doomsday and apocalypse beginning (at least we hope). You will witness a rare and breathtaking event.

September 27 observers from the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East will be able to see the Moon at its closest point to the Earth's orbit (called perigee). Moon crosses this point once a month, making a complete revolution around our planet. Nevertheless, the passage of the perigee is not always coincide with the full moon. This week we were lucky - the full moon will be 14% more than usual; an event called "Supermoon." But that's not all: on the same day the Earth will pass between the Sun and the Moon, which will lead to a full lunar eclipse.

This event is also called the Blood Moon. This terrible nickname comes from the biblical prophecy. In addition, it accurately describes the color of the moon during the event. The moon appears red during an eclipse largely due to the Earth's atmosphere, which scatters the sun's rays. If the Earth had no atmosphere, the Moon during an eclipse would be black and almost completely invisible to non-existent earthlings who would not survive without air.

Last Supermoon eclipse occurred 32 years ago, in 1982. If you miss this great astronomical event this time, you will have to wait until 2033 to see it again.

Apple will release electric car in 2019

Apple is going to introduce the first electric car in 2019. It is planned that the car with the working title "Titan" shape will resemble a minivan, and will be manned.
According to CNET, the forcing of the work on the electric vehicle, Apple reported, citing its own sources, the publication of Wall Street Journal. Earlier the company planned to introduce the car with the working title "Titan» (Titan) only in 2020. Also, the developers were allowed to triple the staff working on the device professionals, which now totals 600 people.

According to the draft, the first electric Apple will be controlled by the driver. However, before it became known about the interest of the company to issue machine-drone. In August, the media reported on these developments, which, according to journalists who attended the engineers of Silicon Valley, Tesla Motors specialists and Mercedes-Benz, employees of the leading manufacturer of storage devices A123 Systems.

«Apple intends to use in the development of electric all the knowledge obtained during the production of iPhone, - the technology of batteries, sensors, hardware and software", - quotes the statement made earlier by the representatives of the company Zacks.

Experts call haste Apple's development of a new generation of machines explainable. Previously, almost all major IT-companies have already declared either on their own developments in "Car of the Future", or its plans in this area.

In particular, the unmanned vehicle is tested by Google, and is rumored to be preparing to introduce such a device company Elon Musk Tesla Motors, which has been in an active electric vehicles. However, now it is open to question because just at Tesla, Apple in the late summer lured lead engineer Jamie Carlson, just engaged drone.

Do not lag behind and automotive giants. Just a couple of days ago about the project officials said an electric Rolls-Royce. Earlier the company denied the possibility of developing such a machine due to prolonged charging and limited reserve that has demonstrated its first concept sedan Phantom Experimental Electric c an electric motor.

Open the world's oldest environmental pollution

In the caves of Spain and Gibraltar, scientists have discovered traces of the oldest in the world history of environmental pollution caused by human activity.
As reported Agency France-Presse, the caves were found the next exit to the surface of heavy metals - copper, lead, nickel and zinc, dating back to the beginning of the Stone Age. The cause of emissions become bonfires fueled in caves by prehistoric people who lived there, soot and ashes from them.

The most significant contamination was found in a cave in a small area Gorham British territory in the south of Spain, where well-preserved settlements of the Neanderthals. "This is the earliest known scientific evidence of environmental pollution that occurred as a result of human activity," - said in a report published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Also traces of contamination by heavy metals were found in the cave of Gibraltar Vanguard («Vanguard") and the cave of El Piruleyo in southern Spain, where they found significant traces of galena (lead sulfide). It was used as a dye Neanderthals in making beads. Another contamination found in the cave of Atapuerca Mountains near the city of Burgos in central Spain, which is now underway scale paleontological work. However, there are scientists rejected the human factor. In their conclusion, the output of metal occurred as a result of abundant deposits of droppings of birds and bats.

Scientists believe they have discovered contamination are not dangerous for the modern man and is unlikely to have a major impact on the population of our ancestors. The most valuable discoveries, according to the researchers, is that now need to re-evaluate the environmental impact of fires and the effects of fires, which has previously been neglected.

Earlier, experts have said that the problem of environmental pollution with heavy metals is now becoming urgent. As an example, they cited decline in the population of wild bees in Europe, which was caused by heavy metals from smelters in Poland and the UK. In areas that are not contaminated with metals, lived to 10 species of bees, while contaminated sites can be difficult to find at least one.

Best ever picture of another world: the extrasolar planet Beta Pictoris b

This pixel point may seem at first glance something of little interest. However, we face nothing less than the best of today exoplanet photos.

As we know, called exoplanets planets orbiting stars other than the sun. Compared with its luminaries are extremely small and dim. That is why it is very difficult to detect them. However, no difficulties have not prevented a team of researchers to make optical snapshot of Beta Pictoris b, which is a gas giant. Photography was obtained using highly sensitive telescope Gemini Planet Imager. The planet is about a million times less than the star. Scientists have put a lot of effort in order to isolate the light of recent and allow the reflected waves to penetrate the Earth's atmosphere distorts them.

Let the plain view of the picture does not confuse the reader: we face a real giant. Mass of Beta Pictoris b exceeds the mass of Jupiter is about 10-12 times. If we draw an analogy with our own solar system, the exoplanet's orbit is comparable in its distance from the Sun to the orbit of Saturn. With regard to the "parent" star, it is 8.7 times brighter than our star and its massive 1.7 times. Star Beta Pictoris is located at a distance of 63 light years from us. The system is extremely young: her age can be up to 20 million years.

Needless to say that the observation of exoplanets - the question is very complex, and sometimes you can only guess what they are. Gas giants are composed of different gases at their center may be metallic or rocky core. The lion's share of the currently known extrasolar planets are gas giants; to identify them more easily than the other planets.

Answers to many questions will allow astronomers Space Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope," which NASA plans to launch in 2018. At the same time the first studies can be expected no earlier than 2019.

Recall that in August this year, another group of astronomers have discovered an exoplanet very young 51 Eridani b, whose age is about 20 million years (it is extremely small by astronomical standards). Exoplanet in mass greater than Jupiter twice and generally resembles him "in his youth."

Source: http://naked-science.ru/article/sci/luchshee-v-istorii-foto-chuzho

The mysterious phenomenon on the beach, which can not explain the scientists

This quaint surf beach called cusps. The researchers did not find an explanation of how these cusps are formed. Most often, such a phenomenon can be observed after the storm.

There are two most common theory of the formation of beach cusps. The first explains the phenomenon of the collision with the boundary of normal waves. The second - the theory of self-organization: Caspian - the result of interaction of regular waves, currents and sand.

Scientists have discovered a new virus is transmitted by blood transfusion

The virus found in the samples, called "human hepegivirus-1» (HHpgV-1). This is the first virus, described recently, which is associated with blood transfusion.

The findings are published in the journal mBio American Society for Microbiology. According to the publication, researchers at Columbia University have discovered a new virus that can be transmitted by blood transfusion. According to them, it is a bit like the hepatitis B virus, which can cause permanent damage to the liver, but also looks like pegivirus, which, unlike hepatitis B, is not pathogenic and quickly dies. In addition, the observation of doctors, pegivirus brings some benefits: it increases the resistance in patients with HIV co-infection with the two viruses.

The new virus is called "human hepegivirus-1» (HHpgV-1). To find it, a team of scientists to explore the old blood samples (between 1974 and 1980) of 46 volunteers. All volunteers received the blood for the treatment of hemophilia. HHpgV-1 virus was found in two samples. Then another 106 specialists studied blood samples from other volunteers and found the virus in two more persons. However, they found no evidence that the virus caused any disease.

"This is the first virus, described recently, which is associated with blood transfusion. We do not know whether it is a major cause of hepatitis, "- said the expert in infectious diseases Dr. Ian Lipkin, who was in charge of a team of researchers at Columbia University.

However, scientists say that is nothing to worry about. The virus is not deadly. "I'm not really worried about this virus, - said Ian Lipkin. - It is not SARS. This is not a MERS. It is not HIV. "

Note that the most common viral infectious complication of blood transfusion remains the hepatitis B and C HIV infection rather rare, but still it is a major concern of doctors. Furthermore, foreign blood can be transferred to the herpes virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1 and -2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV).

We also add that in the past year, scientists from the University of San Diego (California, USA) opened in the human gut microflora previously unknown microorganisms. This virus is useful even for a person, he is able to kill bacteria. The researchers concluded that the newly discovered virus is a bacteriophage, that is, can selectively kill bacterial cells, and found his target - Bacteriodetes. This is one of the most common types of intestinal bacteria. They live in the rectum and is believed to play a key role in the development of obesity and diabetes.

Source: http://naked-science.ru/article/sci/uchenye-obnaruzhili-novyi-viru

Many coffee does not harm heart - scientists

The debate about what effect of coffee on health cores, do not cease for many decades. In the new study, experts have attempted to resolve this issue definitively.

One of the most common diseases of the heart is atrial fibrillation. If it is one of the phases of the cardiac cycle (namely, the atria) is lost. As a result, one can observe a chaotic twitching of the atria, or so-called flicker. The patient may experience thrombus formation and heart failure. Furthermore, one of the scenarios of the disease may become ischemic stroke: it is the result of contact with blood through the blood clots in the human brain.

Atrial fibrillation is often associated with the use of high doses of alcohol. But what about coffee? Susanna Larsson (Susanna Larsson) from Sweden and his colleagues conducted a large-scale study that affected 80 thousand. Citizens of the Nordic countries and the United States. Experts conducted polls for drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages, as well as fixed heart and blood vessels. Approximately 9% of participants in the experiment suffered from atrial fibrillation. Total observation lasted more than 12 years.

It was found that even if a person tried coffee in very large quantities, it does not result in atrial arrhythmia. We do not face additional difficulties and those who already had the disease. To confirm the findings, the researchers expanded the group of volunteers, as well as analyzed the works of their colleagues. As a result, the number of study participants increased to 250 thousand.

The results of additional analysis remained unchanged: Caffeine slightly increases the chances of developing the disease in men and decreased in part those of women. The scientists say that coffee lovers are afraid of nothing. Anyway, atrial fibrillation is not associated with frequent consumption of the drink.

Among the admirers of coffee was a French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire. It is known that on the day he drank about 50 cups of the drink and still lived to be 83 years. The composer Ludwig van Beethoven began his day with a cup of coffee, which is brewed from 60 grains.

Not so long ago, other researchers found that the drink a few cups of coffee a day a person has 15% less likely to die in a short time than one who does not drink at all. Similar conclusions are reached and green tea. However, it should be understood that in certain diseases of the heart strong coffee, and even in large quantities actually contraindicated.

Source: http://naked-science.ru/article/sci/mnogo-kofe-serdtsu-ne-vredit-u

Why is alcohol intoxication?

 Alcohol can cause in humans a state of euphoria, cheer up, eliminate stress, reduce the subjective assessment of intrusive thoughts, negative feelings and fears. Such effects on the body, after the adoption of alcohol inside is already apparent after a few minutes.

And what exactly causes the body to a state of intoxication, what processes occur in the body?

Alcohol contained in the alcohol through the stomach and intestines into the bloodstream. Red blood cells, red blood cells whose main function is to deliver oxygen to all organs of the body, initially carry a negative charge.

With this erythrocytes repel each other and do not form lumps stuck together. In turn, an alcohol, getting into the blood, they neutralize the negative charge, which leads to the formation of agglomerated beads in the blood erythrocyte.

Cohered lump size depends on the amount of alcohol into the blood: the more alcohol, the more clot. As is known, every organ in the body is enveloped by a network of blood capillaries whose diameters can be compared with the size of red blood cells. Thus, the smallest diameter of capillaries feeding blood to the cerebral cortex, is 8 microns and the size of the erythrocyte - 7 microns.

It is clear that formed from a clot of blood cells 200-500 are not able to pass through a small capillary, the clot simply clog the blood vessel. As a result, the human brain first, and then other organs experience an oxygen deficiency, or hypoxia.

Man hypoxia is seen as a state of normal, seemingly harmless state of intoxication. Part of the brain, in fact, just the perception of artificially disconnected from the negative external information.

On further admission to the blood alcohol in the body includes a protective reaction - a dream. This is not a normal physiological sleep, and loss of consciousness caused by alcohol brain hypoxia. Indeed, in a state of extreme intoxication and, accordingly, oxygen deficiency, the body can not breathe at full strength. Therefore, decreasing the rate of metabolism, which is only possible in the sleep state.
This is what leads to a state of intoxication.

Why not come to the psychologist?

1. 95% of the material has no practical significance, and only exists in order to score the academic hours.
2. Diploma psychologist does not indicate a competent person. Professionalism and does not add to your knowledge of what psychologists do not give advice. It requires extra. training (supervision, training, seminars, lectures, courses).
3. The labor market is clogged psychologists. At best, you can expect to pay up to 10 000r., At worst - the salary can not be counted.
4. The knowledge will provoke endless reflection, disturbing the social adaptation.
5. Most likely, your presentation on the work of psychologist far from reality, and when you understand it - you will be rationalized. As a result, a profession that was not going to receive